Êşîn

Êşîn, an êşan bi wateya ne rehatî û eziyat kêşan dihêt ^[1]^[2]

bi gelemperî wekî fîzîkî an jî derûnî têne kategor kirin. ^[3] Ew dibe ku di hemî dereceyên tûjiyê bigire heya bê tehamulîyê.

Bêjezanî

Bêjeya êş carinan di wateya teng a êşa laşî de tê bikar anîn, lê pir caran ew behsa êşa psîkolojîkî dike, an jî pir caran hîn jî ew êşê di wateya fireh de, ango her hestek an hestek ne xweş dibîne . Peyva êş bi gelemperî behsa êşa laşî dike, lê ew di heman demê de hevwateyek hevpar a êşê ye jî . Peyvên êş û azar bi gelemperî her du bi hev re bi awayên cûda têne bikar anîn. Mînakî, ew dikarin wekî hevwateyên guhêrbar werin bikar anîn. An jî dibe ku ew di 'dijberî' de ji hev re werin bikar anîn, wekî "êş fîzîkî ye, êş giyanî ye", an "êş neçar e, êş vebijarkî ye". An jî dibe ku ew ji bo pênasekirina hev bêne bikar anîn, wekî di "êş êşa laşî ye", an "êş êşek giran a laşî an derûnî ye"

Huner û wêje

Çavkanî

^ See 'Terminology'. See also the entry 'Pleasure' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which begins with this paragraph: "Pleasure, in the inclusive usages most important in moral psychology, ethical theory, and the studies of mind, includes all joy and gladness – all our feeling good, or happy. It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our feeling bad." It should be mentioned that most encyclopedias, like the one mentioned above and Britannica, do not have an article about suffering and describe pain in the physical sense only.
^ For instance, Wayne Hudson in Historicizing Suffering, Chapter 14 of Perspectives on Human Suffering (Jeff Malpas and Norelle Lickiss, editors, Springer, 2012) : "According to the standard account suffering is a universal human experience described as a negative basic feeling or emotion that involves a subjective character of unpleasantness, aversion, harm or threat of harm to body or mind (Spelman 1997; Cassell 1991)."
^ Mental suffering can also be called psychological or emotional (see Psychological pain). Examples of mental suffering: depression (mood) / hopelessness, grief, sadness / loneliness / heartbreak, disgust, irritation, anger, jealousy, envy, craving or yearning, frustration, anguish, angst, fear, anxiety / panic, shame / guilt, regret, embarrassment / humiliation, restlessness.

[1] See 'Terminology'. See also the entry 'Pleasure' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which begins with this paragraph: "Pleasure, in the inclusive usages most important in moral psychology, ethical theory, and the studies of mind, includes all joy and gladness – all our feeling good, or happy. It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our feeling bad." It should be mentioned that most encyclopedias, like the one mentioned above and Britannica, do not have an article about suffering and describe pain in the physical sense only.

[2] For instance, Wayne Hudson in Historicizing Suffering, Chapter 14 of Perspectives on Human Suffering (Jeff Malpas and Norelle Lickiss, editors, Springer, 2012) : "According to the standard account suffering is a universal human experience described as a negative basic feeling or emotion that involves a subjective character of unpleasantness, aversion, harm or threat of harm to body or mind (Spelman 1997; Cassell 1991)."

[3] Mental suffering can also be called psychological or emotional (see Psychological pain). Examples of mental suffering: depression (mood) / hopelessness, grief, sadness / loneliness / heartbreak, disgust, irritation, anger, jealousy, envy, craving or yearning, frustration, anguish, angst, fear, anxiety / panic, shame / guilt, regret, embarrassment / humiliation, restlessness.

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