Stalînîzm

Stalînîzm
Stalînîzm
Îdeolojiya siyasî ;
	Yosîf Stalîn ku navê wî ji bo peyva Stalînîzmê hatiye bikaranîn.
Dewlet	Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst
	biguhêre - Wîkîdaneyê biguhêre

Stalînîzm amûra rêvebirinê û polîtîkayên Marksîst-Lenînîst e ku ji sala 1927 heta 1953an li Yekîtiya Sovyetê ji hêla Yosîf Stalîn ve hate meşandin.

Di nav xwe de avakirina dewleteke polîs a totalîter a yekpartî, îndûstriyalîzma bi lez, teoriya sosyalîzmê li welatekî, kolektîvkirina çandiniyê, xurtkirina nakokiya çînan, perestiya kesayetiyê^[1]^[2] û bindestkirina berjewendiyên partiyên komunîst ên biyanî ji bo Partiya Komunîst a Yekîtiya Sovyetê, ku ji aliyê Stalînîzmê ve weke partiya pêşeng a şoreşa komunîst a wê demê dihate dîtin.^[3] Piştî mirina Stalîn û germbûna Krûşçev, di salên 1950 û 1960î de destalinîzasyon dest pê kir, ku bû sedema kêmbûna bandora îdeolojiya Stalîn li Yekîtiya Sovyetê. Pêla duyem a destalinîzasyonê di dema Glasnosta Sovyetê ya Mîxaîl Gorbaçov de dest pê kir.

Rejîma Stalîn bi zorê civak ji tiştên ku li ser xwe û marqeya wê ya komunîzmê tehdîd didîtin (ku jê re "dijminên gel" dihat gotin) paqij dikir. Di nav wan de mixalifên siyasî, neteweperestên ne Sovyetî, bûrjûwazî, gundiyên xwedî debar ("kulak") û yên çîna karker ku sempatiyên "dij-şoreşger" nîşan didan, hebûn.^[4] Ev bû sedema zordestiya girseyî li ser van kesan û malbatên wan, di nav de girtinên girseyî, darizandinên giştî, îdamkirin, û zindankirina li kampên karkirina bi darê zorê û kampên komkirinê ku bi navê gulag têne zanîn.^[5] Mînakên herî bi nav û deng Paqijkirina Mezin û kampanyaya Dekulakîzasyonê bûn. Stalînîzm herwiha bi ateîzma mîlîtan, çewsandina girseyî ya dijî olî,^[6]^[7] û paqijkirina etnîkî ya bi koça bi darê zorê hat nîşankirin.^[8] Hin dîroknas, wek Robert Service, polîtîkayên Stalînîst, bi taybetî polîtîkayên kolektîfkirinê, ji ber sedema birçîbûnên mezin wek Holodomor tawanbar dikin. Dîroknas û lêkolînerên din li ser rola Stalînîzmê li hev nakin.^[9]

Pîşesazîbûn bi fermî ji bo lezkirina pêşkeftina ber bi komunîzmê ve dihate sêwirandin, û hewcedariya pîşesaziyê li Yekîtiya Sovyetê dihate destnîşan kirin ji ber ku Yekîtiya Sovyetê berê ji hêla aborî ve li gorî welatên rojavayî paşde mabû. Wan bawer dikir ku civaka sosyalîst hewceyê pîşesaziyê ye ji bo rûbirûbûna dijwarî û dijminên komunîzmê yên hundir û derve. Pîşesaziya bilez bi kolektîfkirina girseyî ya çandiniyê û bajarîbûna bilez re pêk hat û gelek gundên piçûk veguherîn bajarên pîşesaziyê. Ji bo lezkirina pêşveçûna pîşesazîbûnê, Stalîn malzeme, raman, pisporî û xebatkarên ji Ewropaya rojava û Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê îthal kir^[10]. Wî bi awayekî pragmatîk bi pargîdaniyên sereke yên taybet ên Amerîkî yên wekî Pargîdaniya Ford Motor re, ku di binê çavdêriya dewletê, di pêşxistina bingeha pîşesaziya aboriya Sovyetê de ji dawiya 1920-an heya 1930-an de bû alîkar. Piştî ku kargehên taybet ên Amerîkî erkên xwe qedandin, pargîdaniyên dewleta Sovyetê dest danîn ser.

Çavkanî

^ Deutscher, Isaac (1961). Stalin: A Political Biography (Çapa 2). Oxford University Press. rr. 7–9. ISBN 978-0195002737.
^ Plamper, Jan (17 kanûna paşîn 2012). The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300169522.
^ Bottomore, Thomas (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. r. 54. ISBN 978-0631180821.
^ Rossman, Jeffrey (2005). Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674019261.
^ Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, edîtor (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. r. 307. ISBN 9780691154299.
^ Service, Robert (2007). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Harvard University Press. rr. 3–6. ISBN 9780674046993.
^ Greeley, Andrew, edîtor (2009). Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile. Routledge. r. 89. ISBN 9780765808219.
^ Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, edîtor (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. rr. 308–310. ISBN 9780691154299.
^ Sawicky, Nicholas D. (20 kanûna pêşîn 2013). The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity (Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Ji orîjînalê di 6 sibat 2021 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 6 çiriya pêşîn 2020 – bi riya Digital Commons. Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).
^ De Basily, N. (2017) [1938]. Russia Under Soviet Rule: Twenty Years of Bolshevik Experiment. Routledge Library Editions: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781351617178. Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya paşîn 2017. ... vast sums were spent on importing foreign technical 'ideas' and on securing the services of alien experts. Foreign countries, again – American and Germany in particular – lent the U.S.S.R. active aid in drafting the plans for all the undertakings to be constructed. They supplied the Soviet Union with tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, and supervisors. During the first Five-Year Plan, not a single plant was erected, nor was a new industry launched without the direct help of foreigners working on the spot. Without the importation of Western European and American objects, ideas, and men, the 'miracle in the East' would not have been realized, or, at least, not in so short a time.

[1] Deutscher, Isaac (1961). Stalin: A Political Biography (Çapa 2). Oxford University Press. rr. 7–9. ISBN 978-0195002737.

[2] Plamper, Jan (17 kanûna paşîn 2012). The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300169522.

[3] Bottomore, Thomas (1991). A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. r. 54. ISBN 978-0631180821.

[4] Rossman, Jeffrey (2005). Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674019261.

[5] Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, edîtor (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. r. 307. ISBN 9780691154299.

[service-6] Service, Robert (2007). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. Harvard University Press. rr. 3–6. ISBN 9780674046993.

[7] Greeley, Andrew, edîtor (2009). Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium: A Sociological Profile. Routledge. r. 89. ISBN 9780765808219.

[8] Pons, Silvo; Service, Robert, edîtor (2012). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton University Press. rr. 308–310. ISBN 9780691154299.

[9] Sawicky, Nicholas D. (20 kanûna pêşîn 2013). The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity (Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport: State University of New York. Ji orîjînalê di 6 sibat 2021 de hat arşîvkirin. Roja gihiştinê 6 çiriya pêşîn 2020 – bi riya Digital Commons. Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).

[10] De Basily, N. (2017) [1938]. Russia Under Soviet Rule: Twenty Years of Bolshevik Experiment. Routledge Library Editions: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781351617178. Roja gihiştinê 3 çiriya paşîn 2017. ... vast sums were spent on importing foreign technical 'ideas' and on securing the services of alien experts. Foreign countries, again – American and Germany in particular – lent the U.S.S.R. active aid in drafting the plans for all the undertakings to be constructed. They supplied the Soviet Union with tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, and supervisors. During the first Five-Year Plan, not a single plant was erected, nor was a new industry launched without the direct help of foreigners working on the spot. Without the importation of Western European and American objects, ideas, and men, the 'miracle in the East' would not have been realized, or, at least, not in so short a time.

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